Every crystal, A to Z
Every crystal, A to Z. 127 stones, from Alexandrite to Zircon. Each one tells you what it is made of, how hard it is, the test that catches a dyed or baked copy, how to care for it without wrecking it, and a reading for all twelve signs.
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All 127
- Alexandrite8.5 Mohs · chrysoberyl · heart, crownAlexandrite should not exist. Beryllium collects in granite pegmatites, near the top of the crust. Chromium belongs to ultramafic rock…
Amazonite6-6.5 Mohs · feldspar · heart, throatAmazonite grew in cooling granite, in the last pockets of melt to harden. The green comes from a trace of lead locked in it. Nobody dyed…
Amber2-2.5 Mohs · organic · solar-plexus, sacralPick it up. Four seconds in your palm and it is warm. Glass and plastic never manage that. It is not a stone. It is tree resin that ran…
Amethyst7 Mohs · quartz · third-eye, crownAmethyst started out as ordinary quartz. A trace of iron got caught in it, and the faint natural radiation of the rock around it worked…
Ametrine7 Mohs · quartz · solar-plexus, third-eye, crownIt is one crystal wearing two colours. Purple at one end, gold at the other, grown that way underground. The tell is the seam. Natural…
Ammonite3.5-4.5 Mohs · organic · root, crownThis was an animal. It swam, it died out with the dinosaurs, and it sank into seabed mud. The mud turned to rock and swapped the shell…
Angelite3.5 Mohs · sulphate · throat, third-eye, crownAngelite is a salt left behind where an ancient sea dried up. Burial and heat drove the water out of it. It wants that water back. Leave…
Apache Tears5-6 Mohs · volcanic glass · root, heartIt is not a stone. It is glass, lava that cooled too fast to become anything else. Hold one up to a lamp. The whole pebble glows smoky…
Aquamarine7.5-8 Mohs · silicate · throat, heartNearly every blue aquamarine in a shop window has been in an oven, at around 400 degrees, to burn the green out. It is permanent. No…
Aragonite3.5-4 Mohs · carbonate · root, sacral, solar-plexusAragonite builds itself out of mineral water in caves, in rust orange spikes that all shoot from one centre. It is on borrowed time…
Astrophyllite3-4 Mohs · silicate · crown, third-eye, solar-plexusAstrophyllite grows in a rare kind of igneous rock, in pockets where leftover elements like titanium end up. It fans out from a centre…
Aura Quartz7 Mohs · quartz · crown, third-eye, throatThe quartz is real. It grew in rock like any other piece. Then a person put it in a vacuum chamber and bonded a film of vaporised metal…
Azurite3.5-4 Mohs · carbonate · third-eye, throatAzurite forms at the top of a copper deposit, where water and air have been rotting the ore for a very long time. It is the most…
Bismuth2-2.5 Mohs · man-made · crown, third-eyeA person made this one. Bismuth metal gets melted at around 271 degrees, cooled slowly so it grows in stepped squares, then the liquid…
Black Kyanite4.5-7 Mohs · silicate · root, throatAfter certain people leave, you go around opening windows. Black kyanite gets sold for exactly that feeling. It grows in splayed blades…
Black Obsidian5-6 Mohs · volcanic glass · rootObsidian never got to be a crystal. Lava met air and cooled so fast the atoms stopped where they stood. What you hold is glass, made in…
Black Onyx6.5-7 Mohs · chalcedony · rootSomebody soaked this in sugar water for weeks. Then they cooked it in acid until the sugar turned to carbon inside the pores. That is…
Black Tourmaline7-7.5 Mohs · silicate · rootIt sits by the door, or you meant to put it there. Black, heavy, fine ridges running the length of it. Squeeze it or warm it and it…
Bloodstone6.5-7 Mohs · chalcedony · root, heartBloodstone set inside old lava. Hot water full of silica filled the gas pockets and stiffened, catching green flecks and rust red iron…
Blue Apatite5 Mohs · phosphate · throat, third-eyeBlue apatite is the mineral your teeth are made of. Your bones too. One version grows in cooling rock, the other grows in you. The name…- Blue Aventurine6.5 to 7 Mohs · quartzite · throat, third-eyeBlue aventurine is a rock, not a crystal. That is the right place to start, because almost everything written about it starts somewhere…
Blue Goldstone5-6 Mohs · man-made · third-eye, crownItalian glassmakers built this on purpose. Cobalt glass, melted with copper, cooled slow in a sealed pot so the copper had time to grow…
Blue Kyanite4.5-7 Mohs · silicate · throat, third-eyeKyanite needs burial to exist. Clay rich rock gets pushed down and squeezed until the aluminium in it grows into blue blades. It came…
Blue Lace Agate6.5-7 Mohs · chalcedony · throatThe message is typed. You have read it four times and it is still sitting there. Blue lace agate built up in a lava cavity the same way…
Botswana Agate6.5-7 Mohs · chalcedony · crown, sacralBotswana agate built itself inside bubbles in old lava. Water came in, left a layer, dried, came back. Every grey and pink line is one…
Bumblebee Jasper3-5 Mohs · rock (aggregate) · solar-plexus, sacralThis one is quietly falling apart. Left in sun the orange crumbles to powder. A coin will mark it. It formed in a volcanic vent in Java…
Calcite (Coloured Varieties)3 Mohs · carbonate · sacral, solar-plexus, heartCalcite is lime that water carried and put back down in a hole in the rock. It is soft. A copper coin marks it. Drop vinegar on it and…
Carnelian6.5-7 Mohs · chalcedony · sacral, rootMost carnelian was helped. Grey agate gets iron stained and baked until the orange comes up, and people have done that since before…
Celestite3-3.5 Mohs · sulphate · throat, third-eye, crownCelestite is losing its colour while you look at it. A sunny sill bleaches the blue out and it never comes back. It grew from strontium…- Chalcedony6 to 7 Mohs · quartz · throatChalcedony is quartz that never grew up into crystals. Instead of one clear six sided prism, it is billions of quartz fibres, each…
Charoite5-6 Mohs · silicate · third-eye, crownCharoite comes from one place on earth. A hot alkaline body pushed into limestone in Siberia and cooked it, and the rock came out violet…
Cherry Quartz5-6 Mohs · man-made · heart, sacralSomebody melted silica in a factory, stirred in gold or copper for the red, and pulled the whole thing into a rod. The white swirls are…- Chrome Diopside5.5 to 6 Mohs · pyroxene · heartMost of this mineral never gets anywhere near the surface. Diopside belongs to the dense rock under the crust, and it stays there. The…
Chrysocolla2.5-7 Mohs · silicate · throat, heartRain got into a copper deposit and worked on it for ages. It broke the ore apart and left this blue-green crust in the cracks. It is the…
Chrysoprase6-7 Mohs · chalcedony · heartChrysoprase lives through almost anything except a sunny sill. Strong light pulls the apple green out of it, and it does not come back…
Citrine (Heat-Treated Amethyst)7 Mohs · quartz · solar-plexus, sacralIt was amethyst. Purple, out of a geode in Brazil, until it went into an oven at around 450 degrees and came out brandy orange for good…
Citrine (Natural)7 Mohs · quartz · solar-plexus, sacralThis pale thing is the real one. Natural citrine is a weak-tea yellow, quartz that took its colour from a trace of iron and the slow…
Clear Quartz7 Mohs · quartz · crown, third-eyeHot silica water got into a crack underground and grew this, layer on layer, until the crack ran out of room. It is the most common…
Crazy Lace Agate6.5-7 Mohs · chalcedony · solar-plexus, sacralHold it up and follow one band with a fingernail. It doubles back, folds over itself and starts again. That is because the rock cracked…
Dalmatian Stone6-7 Mohs · rock (aggregate) · root, sacralThose black spots are not tourmaline. The trade has said so for forty years and the trade is wrong. They are arfvedsonite, a softer dark…
Desert Rose2-3.5 Mohs · sulphate · root, crownA shallow desert pool dried out. As the water left, gypsum crystallised in the wet sand and stacked into petals, closing around the…- Diamond10 Mohs · native element · crownA diamond is carbon that got buried. Around a hundred and fifty kilometres down, hot enough to melt most rock and squeezed harder than…
Emerald7.5-8 Mohs · silicate · heartNearly every emerald you will ever see has oil pressed into its cracks. Cedarwood oil usually, worked into the fissures until they stop…
Fire Agate6.5-7 Mohs · chalcedony · root, sacralTilt it under a lamp. Red and gold slide across the domes, then vanish when you hold still. That fire is not pigment. It is films of…
Fluorite4 Mohs · halide · third-eye, throat, heartFluorite survives almost nothing. A steel knife cuts it. One knock splits it clean along a flat plane, and long sun pulls the purple…
Galena2.5-2.75 Mohs · sulphide · rootIt is lead. The same lead that ran through Roman pipes and the same lead they took back out of petrol. Galena is soft, so it sheds fine…
Garnet6.5-7.5 Mohs · silicate · root, sacralGarnet grew inside rock that was being crushed. Heat and pressure squeezed the root of a mountain, and the garnet crystallised in the…- Golden Healer Quartz7 Mohs · quartz · solar-plexus, crownQuartz grows out of hot silica-rich water working through cracks in rock. Where that water is carrying iron as well, the iron comes out…
Goldstone5-6 Mohs · man-made · sacral, solar-plexusIn Venice, four hundred years ago, a glassmaker melted sand with copper and shut the air out of the pot. As it cooled, small copper…
Green Aventurine6.5-7 Mohs · quartz · heartIt began as plain sand on a seabed. Buried, pressed and cooked, the grains welded into one hard rock, and flecks of green mica got…
Hematite5.5-6.5 Mohs · oxide · rootIt looks like machined steel. It is rust. Iron and oxygen joined in an old sea and settled in layers on the floor. Burial pressed those…
Herkimer Diamond7 Mohs · quartz · third-eye, crownHold one up to a window. The faces throw the light straight back, and nobody cut them. They grew that way. Water full of silica crept…
Howlite3.5 Mohs · silicate · crown, third-eyeSomeone dyed it blue and sold it as turquoise. That is not gossip. It is the trade's default move. Howlite formed in old salt flats…
Iolite7-7.5 Mohs · silicate · third-eye, throatOld seabed mud got buried under a mountain and cooked until it came out as a different mineral. Turn it under one lamp. Violet blue from…
Jadeite Jade6-7 Mohs · silicate · heartIn China, jade has stood for virtue for thousands of years. Not luck. Virtue. Mesoamerican carvers valued it above gold. Most fine…
Jet2.5-4 Mohs · organic · rootA branch fell in the water a hundred and eighty million years ago and sank into the mud. Pressure did the rest. Jet is fossil driftwood…
Kunzite6.5-7 Mohs · silicate · heartLight takes the colour out of it. Leave kunzite on a bright sill and the pink drains away, quite fast, and it never comes back. It grew…
Labradorite6-6.5 Mohs · feldspar · third-eye, throat, crownGrey and dull, like something off a driveway. Then you tilt it under a lamp and a sheet of blue switches on inside it. That flash is…
Lapis Lazuli5-6 Mohs · rock (aggregate) · third-eye, throatLimestone got cooked where hot magma pushed into it, and parts of it came out deep blue. One valley in Afghanistan has been mined for it…
Larimar4.5-5 Mohs · silicate · throat, heartSunlight takes the blue out of it, slowly and for good. Salt and long soaking dull it too. It filled gas bubbles in volcanic rock in one…
Leopardskin Jasper6.5-7 Mohs · rock (aggregate) · root, sacralThe name lies twice. It is not jasper, and those are not animal markings. It is old lava that cooled with crystals growing outward from…
Lepidolite2.5-3 Mohs · silicate · heart, third-eye, crownSomebody told you this one holds lithium. It does. The lithium is locked into the rock and it stays there. It cannot reach your blood…
Magnesite3.5-4.5 Mohs · carbonate · crown, heartSomebody dyed this. Most of the cheap turquoise in a mall case is plain white magnesite that was soaked in blue until it took. Undyed it…
Magnetite5-6 Mohs · oxide · rootHold it near a paperclip and the paperclip moves. That is not a trick. This rock is actually magnetic. It crystallized out of cooling…
Mahogany Obsidian5-6 Mohs · volcanic glass · root, sacralThis was lava moving too fast to become a crystal. It cooled into glass instead, and the red-brown clouds are iron that froze the second…
Malachite3.5-4 Mohs · carbonate · heart, solar-plexusMalachite is rust. Copper ore sat in wet ground and the water rebuilt it into a green carbonate, band by band. So it is a copper salt…
Milky Quartz7 Mohs · quartz · crownThis is the cheapest thing in the case and it will outlast almost everything beside it. Milky quartz is plain quartz clouded by water…- Moissanite9.25 to 9.5 Mohs · carbide · crownIn 1893 a French chemist was sorting through fragments of an iron meteorite that had punched a crater into Arizona, and he found tiny…
Moldavite5.5-7 Mohs · volcanic glass · heart, third-eye, crownAbout fifteen million years ago an asteroid hit what is now Bavaria. The ground melted and was thrown far enough to cool into glass…
Mookaite6-7 Mohs · chalcedony · root, sacral, solar-plexusMookaite is made of animals. Sea plankton with glass shells died in their billions on an old seafloor, and the silica of those shells…
Moonstone6-6.5 Mohs · feldspar · sacral, third-eye, crownTilt it under a lamp and a blue-white light slides over the surface. Stop tilting and it is gone. Moonstone is feldspar that separated…
Morganite7.5-8 Mohs · silicate · heartAlmost every morganite in a case went into an oven at about four hundred degrees. The heat pulls the yellow out and leaves a cleaner…
Moss Agate6.5-7 Mohs · chalcedony · heart, rootThe moss in this is not moss. It is mineral threads that grew inside the silica before it hardened, sharp and three dimensional when…
Nephrite Jade6-6.5 Mohs · silicate · heartIn Aotearoa New Zealand, pounamu is nephrite. Māori tradition holds it as taonga, treasure that carries everyone who held it before you…
Nuummite5.5-6 Mohs · rock (aggregate) · root, third-eyeIt looks like a plain black pebble until you turn it. Then gold and bronze streaks flash across it in hard straight lines and disappear…
Ocean Jasper6.5-7 Mohs · chalcedony · heart, throatIt is not a jasper. Silica soaked into old Madagascan lava and replaced it, keeping the little balls of crystal that grew while the lava…- Opal5.5 to 6 Mohs · silica · crown, heartOpal is water that got into rock and never came back out. Silica dissolved in groundwater works its way down through cracks in dry…
Opalite5.5-6 Mohs · man-made · crown, third-eyeSomebody made this in a furnace. Molten glass with a little tin and titanium stirred in to scatter the light blue, then poured and…
Optical Calcite3 Mohs · carbonate · crown, third-eyeSet a clear piece over a line of writing and the line doubles. That is not a trick. Light splits in two on its way through the stone…
Orthoceras3-4 Mohs · organic · root, third-eyeThe shape in the slab was alive. A shelled animal, drifting in a warm sea hundreds of millions of years ago. It sank into mud and the…- Pearl2.5 to 3 Mohs · organic · heart, sacralA pearl starts as a problem. Something works its way inside a mollusc and cannot be pushed back out, so the animal covers it. Layer…
Peridot6.5-7 Mohs · silicate · heart, solar-plexusPeridot is olivine. It is one of the main minerals of the mantle, the hot layer under the crust, and it rode up here inside magma. So…
Petrified Wood6.5-7 Mohs · organic · rootThis was a tree. It fell into mud or water and got buried before it could rot. Then silica in the groundwater moved in and swapped…
Phantom Quartz7 Mohs · quartz · third-eye, crownLook into it and there is a smaller crystal in there, with the same shape and the same points. It grew. Then it stopped, long enough for…
Picture Jasper6.5-7 Mohs · chalcedony · root, third-eyeThose are not hills. They are layers of volcanic ash and fine mud that settled in still water, one on top of the next. Silica soaked…
Pietersite6.5-7 Mohs · quartz · third-eye, solar-plexusThis was tiger's eye first. Fine blue fibres in rock, slowly replaced by quartz, all lying parallel. Then the ground moved and tore it…- Pink Tourmaline7 to 7.5 Mohs · tourmaline · heartPink tourmaline grows in pegmatite, the last wet pocket of a granite as it cools and gives up whatever the rest of the rock would not…
Prasiolite7 Mohs · quartz · heartNearly every green quartz sold as green amethyst was purple amethyst until somebody put it in an oven at around 500 degrees. The iron in…
Prehnite6-6.5 Mohs · silicate · heart, solar-plexusHold it up to a lamp. The green is cloudy rather than clear, and inside it fine fibres run outward from a centre. It grew in gas bubbles…
Pyrite6-6.5 Mohs · sulphide · solar-plexus, rootPyrite is iron and sulphur. The name comes from the Greek word for fire, because struck against steel it throws a spark. It is not gold…
Rainbow Moonstone6-6.5 Mohs · feldspar · third-eye, crown, sacralThis is white labradorite, a feldspar. It is not moonstone at all. Moonstone is a different feldspar. Somebody in the trade renamed it…
Rainbow Obsidian5-6 Mohs · volcanic glass · root, third-eyeIt is glass. The lava cooled too fast for crystals to form, so nothing inside got to finish growing. Almost nothing. Tiny rods of…
Red Jasper6.5-7 Mohs · chalcedony · rootRed jasper is quartz too fine to see, stained through with iron oxide. Rust, basically. The same red as old brick and old blood. It…- Red Tiger's Eye6.5 to 7 Mohs · quartz · root, sacralThis one began as asbestos. Crocidolite, the blue fibrous amphibole, grew in seams inside ancient ironstone, and silica moved through…
Rhodochrosite3.5-4 Mohs · carbonate · heart, solar-plexusThe pink and white bands are not a pattern anybody chose. Water carrying manganese ran through the same opening for a very long time…
Rhodonite5.5-6.5 Mohs · silicate · heart, rootRhodonite began as manganese-rich mud on a seafloor. Heat and pressure buried it and cooked it pink over an age you cannot picture. The…
Rose Quartz7 Mohs · quartz · heartRose quartz is plain quartz with microscopic pink fibres caught inside it. It grows in the coarse heart of granite. It is mined by the…- Ruby9 Mohs · corundum · root, heartRuby is aluminium oxide that got contaminated. Corundum grows colourless. Then a few chromium atoms take the place of aluminium in the…
Ruby in Zoisite6-9 Mohs · rock (aggregate) · heart, rootDeep underground, heat and pressure grew two things at once in one rock. Green zoisite. Red corundum, which is the mineral we call ruby…
Rutilated Quartz7 Mohs · quartz · solar-plexus, crownHold it up to a window. Those gold threads are titanium. They grew as needles in a hot crack in the rock, and quartz crystallised around…- Sapphire9 Mohs · corundum · throat, third-eyeSapphire and ruby are the same mineral. Both are corundum, aluminium oxide, and what separates them is a trace of something that should…
Sardonyx6.5-7 Mohs · chalcedony · root, sacralRoman cutters wanted a stone they could carve a face into. Sardonyx gave them one, because its bands lie flat and level instead of…
Satin Spar2 Mohs · sulphate · crownThat silky white tower is not selenite. It is satin spar, the fibrous form of gypsum, carved by the container load in Morocco. Same…
Selenite2 Mohs · sulphate · crown, third-eyeYou were told to rinse your stones. Do not rinse this one. Water dissolves selenite. Salt etches it. A humid bathroom shelf pits the…
Septarian3-4 Mohs · rock (aggregate) · root, solar-plexusIt started as a lump of mud on an ancient seafloor. The mud hardened into a nodule, then cracked from the inside as it dried out. Then…
Seraphinite2-2.5 Mohs · silicate · heart, crownSeraphinite is softer than your own fingernail. A key or a dropped coin will scar it, and water gets into the layers and ruins it. It…
Serpentine2.5-6 Mohs · silicate · heart, rootSerpentine is what happens when seawater soaks into rock from far below the ocean floor and turns it into something slick and green…
Shiva Lingam6-7 Mohs · rock (aggregate) · root, sacral, crownThis stone carries living religious meaning, so that comes first. Shiva lingam are gathered from one stretch of the Narmada river in…
Shungite3.5-4 Mohs · organic · rootShungite is carbon that settled in a shallow sea about two billion years ago. It got buried and cooked until it became rock. It is older…
Smoky Quartz7 Mohs · quartz · rootSomebody worked out you can do this in an afternoon. Much of the very dark, evenly black smoky quartz on sale was clear quartz until a…
Snowflake Obsidian5-6 Mohs · volcanic glass · root, crownBacklight a thin edge and it glows brown. That is glass. Lava cooled too fast to make crystals and froze the way it was. The white…
Sodalite5.5-6 Mohs · silicate · throat, third-eyeSodalite formed in magma that ran out of silica. Where quartz would normally grow, this blue grew instead. Then it got sold as lapis…
Spectrolite6-6.5 Mohs · feldspar · third-eye, crownSpectrolite is labradorite. A Finnish quarry found the darkest material anyone had seen. They gave it a name of its own. The name is the…
Spirit Quartz7 Mohs · quartz · crown, third-eyeHold it up. Hundreds of small crystals stand off one big one, pointing every way at once. That is a second life. The first crystal…- Strawberry Quartz (Glass)5-6 Mohs · man-made · heartThis is glass. It was melted in a factory, mostly in China, with copper stirred through it. The red threads are real metal flakes. They…
Sugilite5.5-6.5 Mohs · silicate · third-eye, crownSugilite grew slowly in rock deep underground. Nearly every purple piece in the world came out of one South African mine. There is not…
Sunstone6-6.5 Mohs · feldspar · sacral, solar-plexusTilt it under a lamp. The glitter runs across the whole face at once, then vanishes when you tilt it back. That is metal. Tiny flakes of…- Synthetic Opal4.5-6.5 Mohs · man-made · crown, heartSomebody built this on purpose. Spheres finer than dust were settled into stacked layers and pressed solid. It is real opal, grown in a…
Tanzanite6-7 Mohs · silicate · third-eye, crown, throatTanzanite came out of one small patch of hills in northern Tanzania in 1967. There is nowhere else on earth. It does not come out blue…
Tiger's Eye6.5-7 Mohs · quartz · solar-plexus, rootThis used to be asbestos. Blue crocidolite fibres grew in the rock first, and quartz replaced them one by one. The silk you can see is…- Topaz8 Mohs · nesosilicate · solar-plexus, throatTopaz grows in the last hot breath of a cooling granite, in the cavities and gas pockets where fluorine-rich vapour has nowhere left to…
Tourmalinated Quartz7 Mohs · quartz · root, crownThe black needles grew first. Quartz came later and grew straight around them, sealing them where they stood. Nothing was broken to make…
Turquoise5-6 Mohs · phosphate · throat, third-eyeTurquoise is central to Navajo, Zuni and Puebloan life. It is worn, inherited and made into work by living artists right now. The stone…
Unakite6-7 Mohs · rock (aggregate) · heart, third-eyeUnakite was granite. Hot water got into it and took it apart from the inside. It did not become rubble. The pink held, and green grew in…
Watermelon Tourmaline7-7.5 Mohs · silicate · heartHold a slice to the light. Pink in the middle, green around the outside, one crystal. It changed colour partway through growing. The…- White Sapphire9 Mohs · corundum · crown, third-eyeWhite sapphire is corundum with nothing much in it. Aluminium oxide, the same species as ruby and as blue sapphire, but the iron…
- Zircon6 to 7.5 Mohs · nesosilicate · root, throat, third-eyeStart with the thing the shop counter will not say, because it is the whole reason this stone is treated as cheap. Zircon is not cubic…
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