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Diamond

Native element, the cubic form of carbon

A diamond is carbon that got buried. Around a hundred and fifty kilometres down, hot enough to melt most rock and squeezed harder than anything at the surface will ever be squeezed, plain carbon locks into a pattern so tight that nothing in the natural world can scratch it. Most gem diamonds finished forming between one and three and a half billion years ago.

They sat down there through everything. Then a volcano tore upward fast enough to carry them out before they could turn back into soot, and that is the only reason one ever reaches a shop window.

Here is the part the counter skips. Since 2018 the American trade rules have defined a diamond by what it is made of rather than where it came from, because a lab-grown diamond is the same carbon in the same cubic lattice with the same hardness and the same fire. It is not a fake and it is not a simulant. It is a diamond that took a few weeks instead of a few billion years. It has to be labelled as lab-grown, and it costs a fraction. Somebody has probably told you those are worthless. Somebody else has probably told you the mined ones are a con. Both of them had stock to move.

The treatments are the quieter story. A stone with an ugly black inclusion can be drilled with a laser so acid can bleach the inclusion out. A stone with a crack can be flooded with lead glass until the crack vanishes, and that glass can sweat back out under a jeweller's torch during an ordinary ring resize. Brown stones get pushed through high pressure and heat until the brown leaves. Others get irradiated into blue or green. All of it is legal, all of it has to be disclosed, and not all of it is.

You already know how this feels. Somewhere back there you worked out that the version of you people wanted was the finished one, so you got very good at coming out clean. Nobody asked what the pressure cost, because the result looked fine. They said you handled it well and moved on to the next thing.

The hardness was never the impressive part. Staying down there that long was.

People carry it for clarity, protection and courage. Tradition attaches it to the element fire, the crown chakra, Sun. It is most often given to Aries, Taurus, Leo. It measures 10 on the Mohs scale.

Seen · you don't have this one yet

Rare

Common·Uncommon·Rare·Arcane

What it is confused with

Moissanite, white sapphire, zircon, cubic zirconia, herkimer diamond, clear quartz

The lustre is adamantine, which in the hand reads as a hard white glare off the facets rather than a soft glow. Facet edges stay knife sharp even on a hundred year old stone, because almost nothing in a jewellery box is hard enough to round them off. It attracts grease, so a worn one goes cloudy within days and comes back bright with a wash. Under a loupe most mined stones show tiny dark specks or feathery veils inside, and a stone with absolutely nothing in it at ten times magnification is worth asking about.

Commonly faked · check before you buy

How to tell

Put a ten times loupe over the table of the stone and look down through it at the facet junctions on the far side. In a diamond every one of those junctions is a single crisp line, because diamond bends light one way only. In moissanite and in zircon the far junctions look doubled, like a printed line shifted and printed again beside itself. Cubic zirconia shows single junctions too, so use your hand for that one instead. A cubic zirconia the same size as a diamond weighs roughly seventy per cent more, and once you have felt that difference you do not forget it.

Three different things get called treatment on this stone and they are not the same. First, lab-grown. A lab-grown diamond is the same material as a mined one, graded on the same scale, and since 2018 the United States jewellery guides define diamond by composition rather than origin. It is not a simulant. It must be sold as laboratory-grown, and it is now a large share of the engagement market. Second, clarity work on mined stones. Laser drilling burns a channel finer than a hair down to a dark inclusion so it can be bleached, and that channel stays visible under magnification forever. Fracture filling floods a crack with a lead-bearing glass so the crack disappears, which is why filled stones throw an odd orange or blue flash when you rock them under a light, and the filler can be wrecked by a jeweller's torch or an ultrasonic cleaner during routine repair. GIA will not issue a grading report on a fracture filled stone. Third, colour. High pressure and high temperature treatment takes the brown out of some stones, and irradiation followed by heating produces blue, green, yellow and pink. Colour treatment on a mined stone usually needs a laboratory to detect. Every one of these must be disclosed under the trade rules. Ask for it in writing rather than out loud.

The full mineral facts

Hardness, formula, and how the rock is put together.

Hardness

10 Mohs

Crystal system

cubic

Formula

C

Family

native element

How it forms

It crystallises from carbon-bearing fluids and melts in the mantle at depths of roughly 150 kilometres or more, then rides to the surface in fast-moving kimberlite magma.

Where it comes from

Russia (Yakutia), Botswana, Canada (Northwest Territories), Democratic Republic of the Congo, South Africa, Angola, Namibia, Australia (Argyle, closed 2020)

What it means

The moon is in Sagittarius today, so this is the Sagittarius read.

It went nowhere for three billion years and lost nothing by waiting.

Most gem diamonds are between one and three and a half billion years old. They were finished long before anything on the surface had a spine. The volcano that carried them up is recent by comparison, a few tens of millions of years, practically this morning.

Sagittarius, you keep moving because staying still once meant something closing around you. That is the cause. Not restlessness, not a love of the open road, an actual memory of a room that got smaller while you were in it. So you built a life where the exit stays in view.

The stone went nowhere for three billion years and lost nothing at all by waiting.

That is today's sky, not your chart. Add your birth details and this stone gets read against your own.

Read it for my chart →

You know what this one would do for you. You just don't have it.

Diamond for every sign

AriesThe slow part was the making. The fast part was only the arrival.

Carbon sat a hundred and fifty kilometres under the surface for a billion years or more. Then a volcano tore upward fast enough to carry it out before it could turn back into soot. The slow part was the making. The fast part was only the arrival.

Aries, everyone praises the speed, and it is the least interesting thing about you. You move first now because there was a stretch, early on, when waiting to be picked meant not being picked, so you stopped waiting and started arriving loudly instead. That was a good decision at the time. It is not a personality, it is a scar with good manners.

The pressure came long before the shine. You can take your time on the next one.

TaurusNobody asked what was under the glass. It was doing its job.

A cracked stone can be flooded with lead glass until the crack disappears. On the counter it looks clean. Then a jeweller's torch touches it during an ordinary resize and the filler sweats back out of the wound.

Taurus, you have been the filler in more than one room. Somewhere back there peace came with conditions attached, so you learned to absorb the crack yourself and hand everybody else a smooth surface. It worked. People called you steady, and steady is a compliment nobody looks behind. Nobody asked what was under the glass, because the glass was doing exactly what it was put there to do.

Heat finds the fill eventually. Better that happens while you are still in the room to say what it was.

GeminiBoth stones are diamonds. You were never required to choose.

Two stones in one tray. One came out of the ground in Botswana. One came out of a chamber in three weeks. Same carbon, same lattice, same hardness, and one costs several times the other. The only difference you can say out loud is the story attached.

Gemini, you get asked which version of you is the real one, and you have been fielding that question since you were small. Someone decided early that being different in different rooms meant being false, and you took it on board rather than argue. So now you audit yourself halfway through your own sentences.

Both stones are diamonds. The trade rules say so in writing. You were never required to choose.

CancerHardness and toughness are not the same property.

Diamond is the hardest natural material on earth and it still has perfect cleavage in four directions. One knock at the right angle and it splits clean. Hardness and toughness are not the same property, and the trade has known that for centuries.

Cancer, you were the one who held everybody. Somewhere back there a house needed a calm person and you volunteered before anyone thought to ask, and then it became the role you were given permanently. That is why you flinch when you are handled carelessly. Not because you are fragile. Because nobody has ever checked the angle they were coming in at.

Being hard to break is not the same as being safe to knock about.

LeoThe brilliance is the return, not the surface.

You have been told the sparkle is the point. It is not. What you are looking at is light going in, bouncing off the inside walls, and coming back out of the same face it entered by. The brilliance is the return, not the surface.

Leo, you learned to be watchable because at some point being quiet meant being skipped. That is a real cause with a real date on it, and it explains more about you than a word like confident ever will. The room reads it as appetite. It started as insurance.

A diamond gives back what it was given. Notice how much of what comes out of you was put there by somebody else first, and how little of it you have kept for yourself.

VirgoThe flaw was not removed. It was relocated and made small.

A laser burns a channel finer than a hair down to a black inclusion so acid can bleach it away. The inclusion goes. The channel stays, and any loupe will find it. The flaw was not removed. It was relocated and made small.

Virgo, that is your whole method and you already know it. You grew up somewhere mistakes got named out loud, so you built a system for catching yours before anyone else could, and the system has been running without a break ever since. You call it standards. It began as defence.

The drill hole is still in there. Nobody who loves you is looking for it.

LibraThe even structure is real. So is the split.

Every atom in a diamond is bonded to four others, all at the same angle, all the same distance away. There is no weak direction in the bonding. That perfect evenness is exactly what makes it the hardest thing there is, and it is also the reason a knock along one of those planes splits it.

Libra, balance has been the job since you were small. Someone in that house was easier to live with when everything stayed level, so you started levelling before anybody had to ask. It reads as grace now. It began as work, and unpaid work at that.

The even structure is real and so is the split. Both facts belong to the same stone.

ScorpioBoth have to be disclosed. Neither gets said unless you ask.

The counter will tell you about clarity and cut. It usually will not tell you whether the stone was pushed through high pressure and heat until the brown left, or irradiated until it turned blue. Both are legal. Both have to be disclosed. Neither gets said unless you ask.

Scorpio, you assume there is a version being withheld, and you are right often enough that it has become how you meet people. That started somewhere specific. Somebody handed you a partial truth once and let you find the rest on your own, and you decided you would never be caught out that way again.

Ask for it in writing. That is not suspicion, that is only how disclosure works.

SagittariusIt went nowhere for three billion years and lost nothing by waiting.

Most gem diamonds are between one and three and a half billion years old. They were finished long before anything on the surface had a spine. The volcano that carried them up is recent by comparison, a few tens of millions of years, practically this morning.

Sagittarius, you keep moving because staying still once meant something closing around you. That is the cause. Not restlessness, not a love of the open road, an actual memory of a room that got smaller while you were in it. So you built a life where the exit stays in view.

The stone went nowhere for three billion years and lost nothing at all by waiting.

CapricornThe carbon is ancient. The meaning was sold to you.

You have heard that a diamond is forever. That line was written by a copywriter in the 1940s for an advertising campaign, and it worked so well that most people now take it for a fact about the mineral rather than a sentence somebody was paid to produce.

Capricorn, you inherited a picture of what a life is supposed to look like and you have been building to spec ever since. It came from somewhere. Someone above you made approval conditional on output, and you were young enough at the time to read that as the shape of the world rather than one person's rule.

The carbon is genuinely ancient. The meaning was sold to you. You are allowed to keep one and put the other down.

AquariusThe definition changed because the material was correct.

In 2018 the trade regulator took the word natural out of the definition of a diamond. A lab-grown stone is the same element in the same cubic lattice with the same hardness, it has to be labelled, and it costs a fraction of the mined price. The old market called it worthless. The old market had a warehouse to empty.

Aquarius, being the newer version in a room that preferred the previous one is not new to you. Somebody early treated your difference as a defect rather than a fact, and you have been quietly proving your composition ever since, to people who were never going to run the test.

The definition changed because the material was correct, not because anyone was talked into being kind.

PiscesIn the dark, with nobody watching, it still found its bonds.

Down where diamonds form, fluid moves through solid rock, dissolves what is already there, and leaves carbon behind in a pattern. Nothing about it is violent. It is dissolving and re-forming, over and over, in the dark, with no witness and no hurry.

Pisces, you dissolve into whatever is around you, and you were taught to. Someone needed you soft early on, needed you to take the shape of the room they were in, and being needed sat close enough to being loved that you never once questioned the swap.

The pattern formed anyway. In the dark, in the fluid, with nobody watching, the carbon still found its four bonds and held on to them.

Correspondences

What tradition attaches to this stone. Folklore, not chemistry.

Element

fire

Planet

Sun

Chakra

crown

Signs

aries, taurus, leo

What tradition says

In European lapidary tradition the diamond was the stone of the oath that could not be broken, carried against poison and against fear before a fight, and Roman writers claimed it lost its power if it had been taken by force rather than freely given. The engagement diamond is far younger than any of that. It was built by an advertising campaign in the late 1930s and 1940s, and the line that came out of it is still doing the work.

Care

  • Water is fine. Dry it afterwards.
  • Warm water and washing up liquid with a soft brush is all it needs, and it needs it often, because diamond pulls grease out of skin and a smudged stone looks dead. Hardness is not toughness. It has perfect cleavage in four directions, so a knock at the wrong angle can split it clean in two. Keep a fracture filled or laser drilled stone out of ultrasonic cleaners and tell any jeweller before they take a torch to the setting, because the filler can sweat out. Salt will not touch the stone but it will pit the metal around it. Sunlight does nothing to it at all.

Common questions

What does diamond mean?

Diamond is carried for clarity, protection and courage. A diamond is carbon that got buried. Tradition links it to the crown chakra.

Is diamond real or fake?

Diamond is commonly faked, treated or sold under the wrong name. Put a ten times loupe over the table of the stone and look down through it at the facet junctions on the far side. In a diamond every one of those junctions is a single crisp line, because diamond bends light one way only. Three different things get called treatment on this stone and they are not the same.

Can diamond go in water?

A short rinse is fine for diamond, then dry it.

Rare · colourless, white, yellow, brown, grey, pink, blue, green, black

Where this leads