Skip to content

Ruby

Corundum, the chromium bearing red variety

Ruby is aluminium oxide that got contaminated. Corundum grows colourless. Then a few chromium atoms take the place of aluminium in the lattice, the crystal starts absorbing violet and yellow green light, and what comes back out is red.

It needs a rock with plenty of aluminium and almost no free silica to manage that, which is why ruby turns up in marble and schist rather than granite. Most of it began as limestone, buried and cooked and squeezed until it recrystallised. The same chromium that makes the colour also makes it fluoresce red at 694 nanometres, the exact line that ran the first working laser in 1960.

Then we get hold of it. Heat at up to about 1800 degrees is close to universal now. It dissolves the fine silk inside, lifts the colour, and it is stable. If a seller does not say unheated, assume heated. That is the trade's own rule, not a rumour.

The part the shop skips is the glass. Cheap fractured corundum is baked with lead glass until the glass runs into every crack, and because the glass bends light at nearly the same rate as the ruby, the fractures stop showing. In some stones a third to a half of the bulk is glass. It still gets sold with the word ruby on the tag. It is also soft where the glass sits, around five or six against corundum's nine, so lemon juice pits it and an ordinary prong repair makes it bubble.

You learned somewhere along the line that the cracks were the problem. Probably somebody you trusted flinched at one, and you were young enough to take that as information about you rather than about them. So you got fast at filling them, with whatever was to hand. It works. People see a clean stone.

What it costs is that you now have to keep the heat low and the questions shallow, because you know what happens if anything gets close to the filler.

Ruby did not need the glass to be ruby. Neither do you.

People carry it for courage, love and protection. Tradition attaches it to the element fire, the root, heart chakra, Sun. It is most often given to Leo, Aries, Cancer. It measures 9 on the Mohs scale.

Seen · you don't have this one yet

Rare

Common·Uncommon·Rare·Arcane

A stone can be sold as ruby while a large share of its bulk is lead glass. The trade permits the word. The word does not tell you how much corundum you are actually holding.

What it is confused with

Garnet, red jasper, ruby in zoisite, spinel, red glass, synthetic corundum

Look for a red that shifts between purplish and orangey as you turn the stone, because corundum shows a different colour down each axis. It is heavy for its size and takes a bright, slightly glassy polish that holds a sharp facet edge. Natural material usually shows fine needle inclusions called silk, or straight angular colour banding. Under ultraviolet light most ruby glows red, and the glow is strongest in Burmese stones.

Commonly faked · check before you buy

How to tell

Put the stone under a lamp with a ten times loupe and rock it slowly. A lead glass filled ruby throws a bright blue or orange flash along lines inside the stone where a fracture has been filled, and you may see flattened round bubbles trapped along those same lines. A natural stone that has only been heated shows straight angular colour banding and fine needle inclusions instead. A flame fusion synthetic shows curved growth lines, like the grooves on a record, and round gas bubbles that follow the curve.

Assume heated. Heating to around 1800 degrees is close to universal on ruby, it dissolves the rutile silk and improves the colour, it is permanent, and it is generally accepted in the trade when disclosed. The treatment that matters is lead glass filling. Fractured low grade corundum is heated with lead glass so the glass flows into the cracks, and since the glass has a refractive index close to corundum's, the fractures become almost invisible. Laboratories have reported stones where the glass makes up a third to a half of the volume, and GIA describes such stones as a manufactured product rather than as ruby. The filler is unstable to heat and to chemicals, so acids etch it, steam and ultrasonic cleaning can damage it, and a jeweller's torch during a routine repair makes it bubble and run. Flux healing of fractures is also used. Flame fusion synthetic ruby has been produced since the early 1900s, is chemically the same material, and is honest when labelled and a lie when it is not.

The full mineral facts

Hardness, formula, and how the rock is put together.

Hardness

9 Mohs

Crystal system

trigonal

Formula

Al2O3

Family

corundum

How it forms

It grows where aluminium rich and silica poor rock is cooked and squeezed deep in the crust, most often marble that began as limestone, taking up chromium from the surrounding rock as it crystallises.

Where it comes from

Mogok in Myanmar, Sri Lanka, Mozambique, Madagascar, Thailand, Vietnam, Tanzania, Kenya, Afghanistan

What it means

The moon is in Sagittarius today, so this is the Sagittarius read.

Staying is not the same as being trapped.

Mogok in Myanmar has been pulling ruby out of marble for centuries. So has Sri Lanka. So does Mozambique now, and Madagascar, and Vietnam.

Almost all of it goes through a furnace before it reaches a counter anywhere. If the seller does not say unheated, assume heated. That is the trade's own rule of thumb and it is worth knowing before you spend.

Sagittarius, you leave before you can be pinned. Somewhere behind that is a room you could not leave, and a promise somebody made you that did not hold, and a decision you took very young about never being caught like that twice.

Staying is not the same as being trapped. When did you last test that?

That is today's sky, not your chart. Add your birth details and this stone gets read against your own.

Read it for my chart →

You know what this one would do for you. You just don't have it.

Ruby for every sign

AriesThe heat was never the flaw. The filler is.

Chromium is an accident. A few atoms land where aluminium should be, and a colourless crystal turns red for the rest of its existence.

The trade heats nearly every one of these to about 1800 degrees to clean up the colour. The cheap ones get lead glass poured into their cracks so they look flawless on a tray. That stone is fragile in a way it does not admit.

Aries, you move first and apologise later, and somewhere back there that got named as a problem. A teacher, a parent, somebody with a very calm voice told you that you were too much, and you took the note. So now you burn hot and then spend the next day filling in the damage.

The heat was never the flaw. The filler is.

TaurusWhat you are protecting is softer than the thing you built around it.

Hold one up to a window and turn it. The red goes purplish one way and orangey the other, because the crystal absorbs light differently down each axis.

Almost every ruby on a shop tray has been through a furnace. The cheap ones have been through lead glass as well, which sits in the fractures at about a five on the hardness scale while the corundum around it sits at nine. Lemon juice pits the glass. The ruby does not notice.

Taurus, you hold on. You learned to, probably because something got taken while you were still small enough to think it was your fault for not gripping harder. So you grip. Everything stays, useful or not.

What you are protecting is softer than the thing you built around it.

GeminiA blue flash where no fracture is supposed to be.

There is a treatment where a fractured ruby is packed with lead glass and baked until the glass runs into every crack. Light passes across the joins without bending much, so the stone reads as clean at arm's length.

Under a loupe you can catch it. Tilt the stone and a blue flash runs along a healed fracture where no fracture is supposed to be.

Gemini, you can hold two versions of a story at once and mean both. That came from somewhere. Somebody's mood in your house used to change without warning, so you learned young to keep a second answer ready. It is a real skill and it is tiring.

You are allowed to give one answer and let it stand.

CancerYou are still scanning a room that closed years ago.

Ruby needs a rock with plenty of aluminium and almost no free silica, which is why it grows in marble rather than granite. It formed where limestone was buried, cooked and squeezed until it became something else.

Pressure is the whole method. Nobody made it beautiful on purpose, and nothing about the process was gentle.

Cancer, you feel everything in the room, including the things nobody said out loud. That is not a personality quirk. You were a child in a house where you had to read the weather early, and you got very good at it before anyone asked whether you should have had to.

You are still scanning a room that closed years ago.

LeoIt was already the king of gems while it was still cracked.

You already knew this one was yours. Ruby has been the Sun's stone in more than one tradition, and Sanskrit sources call it ratnaraj, the king of gems.

Those sources do not mention the furnace. Nearly all ruby sold today has been heated, and a lot of it has had lead glass driven into its cracks so the flaws stop showing across a counter.

Leo, you were praised for the performance before you were loved for anything underneath it. Somebody clapped once, you worked out what got the clapping, and you have been maintaining it ever since. The flaws never went anywhere. They just got filled.

It was already the king of gems while it was still cracked.

VirgoThe checking is not the problem. The audience is.

Ruby sits at nine on the Mohs scale. Only moissanite and diamond are harder. It will outlast the setting, the ring and the person wearing it.

The lead glass poured into a cheap one will not. That sits at about five or six, and an ordinary jeweller's torch during a repair makes it bubble and run inside the stone.

Virgo, you check things. You worked out early that if you caught the mistake first, nobody else got to name it out loud. Somebody in your history was quick to name mistakes, and you built an entire method around never giving them the chance again.

The checking is not the problem. The audience you are still checking for is.

LibraYou can be fair and still have a side.

Two rubies on a jeweller's cloth. Same size, same red, and one costs forty times the other. The difference is not the colour, it is what is sitting inside the cracks.

One was heated and then left alone. The other had lead glass driven into it at around 900 degrees until the fractures stopped showing.

Libra, you weigh everything. You got good at it because something in your house once went badly and you were the one keeping everyone at the table, at an age when that was not your job. So you still take the middle before you have worked out what you want.

You can be fair and still have a side.

ScorpioValued for the thing that went wrong in it.

The red comes from chromium sitting where aluminium should be. A defect, technically. The stone is valued for the thing that went wrong in it.

The heat comes later, from us. Around 1800 degrees, hot enough to dissolve the fine rutile needles that make the silk, hot enough to bring the colour up out of a dull crystal.

Scorpio, you do not show the whole file. That is not secrecy for its own sake. You showed it once, to somebody who turned it into leverage, and you have been careful ever since in a way that quietly costs you people who never would have.

Not every hand reaching for you is reaching for the file.

SagittariusStaying is not the same as being trapped.

Mogok in Myanmar has been pulling ruby out of marble for centuries. So has Sri Lanka. So does Mozambique now, and Madagascar, and Vietnam.

Almost all of it goes through a furnace before it reaches a counter anywhere. If the seller does not say unheated, assume heated. That is the trade's own rule of thumb and it is worth knowing before you spend.

Sagittarius, you leave before you can be pinned. Somewhere behind that is a room you could not leave, and a promise somebody made you that did not hold, and a decision you took very young about never being caught like that twice.

Staying is not the same as being trapped. When did you last test that?

CapricornNobody is going to hand you permission to put it down.

Corundum is aluminium oxide, one of the more ordinary oxides on the planet. What is rare is a piece with enough chromium to go properly red and few enough fractures to cut.

The market solves the second problem with glass. It fills, it hides, and it is soft enough that routine jewellery repair damages it while nobody is watching.

Capricorn, you carry more than your share and you do not mention it. You started early. Something at home required an adult and you were the one available, so being useful became the price of being welcome.

Nobody is going to hand you permission to put it down.

AquariusDistance kept you safe. It is not keeping you warm.

You have probably already worked out that some rubies are composites. In stones examined by laboratories, a third to a half of the bulk has been lead glass, and it still went out with the word ruby on the tag.

The rule permits that. The rule is not the same as the truth, and the tag is not going to explain the difference to you.

Aquarius, you sit slightly outside the group even when you are wanted inside it. That started in a specific room at a specific age, where being yourself got you looked at, and you decided distance was cheaper than adjusting.

Distance kept you safe. It is not keeping you warm.

PiscesYou can see clearly and still be kind.

Under ultraviolet light a good ruby glows red at 694 nanometres. Same chromium, same colour, and it is the exact line that ran the first working laser in 1960.

The glow survives the furnace. It does not survive being three quarters lead glass, which is what some of the cheap material actually is.

Pisces, you give people the benefit of the doubt long past the point where the doubt has been settled. That habit has a source. Somebody early on needed you to believe the better version of them, and you learned that loving somebody meant supplying it.

You can see clearly and still be kind. Those were never opposites.

Correspondences

What tradition attaches to this stone. Folklore, not chemistry.

Element

fire

Planet

Sun

Chakra

root, heart

Signs

leo, aries, cancer, scorpio

What tradition says

Sanskrit sources call ruby ratnaraj, the king of gems, and Vedic astrology assigns it to the Sun. It is the modern birthstone for July and the traditional stone for a fortieth anniversary. In crystal lore it is kept for courage and for holding on to your own heat, and it was long carried by people walking into danger. Lore, not medicine.

Care

  • Water is fine. Dry it afterwards.
  • Warm water, a drop of washing up liquid and a soft brush is enough. Untreated and heated ruby shrugs off water, salt and sunlight without complaint. A lead glass filled ruby does not, so keep it away from ultrasonic cleaners, steam, and anything acidic including lemon juice and many shop bought jewellery dips. Tell any jeweller before they bring a torch near the setting.

Common questions

What does ruby mean?

Ruby is carried for courage, love and protection. Ruby is aluminium oxide that got contaminated. Tradition links it to the root, heart chakra.

Is ruby real or fake?

A stone can be sold as ruby while a large share of its bulk is lead glass. The trade permits the word. Put the stone under a lamp with a ten times loupe and rock it slowly. A lead glass filled ruby throws a bright blue or orange flash along lines inside the stone where a fracture has been filled, and you may see flattened round bubbles trapped along those same lines. Assume heated.

Can ruby go in water?

A short rinse is fine for ruby, then dry it.

Rare · red, purplish red, orangey red, pinkish red, crimson

Where this leads